Portmanteau

 

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For the bag, see portmanteau (suitcase). For other uses, see portmanteau (disambiguation).

A portmanteau word (sometimes just portmanteau) is used broadly to mean a blend of two (or more) words,[1][2][3] and narrowly in some linguistics fields to mean only a blend of two or more function words.[4] [5] [6] [7]

Contents

Meaning

"Portmanteau word" is used to describe a linguistic blend, namely "a word formed by blending sounds from two or more distinct words and combining their meanings".[1]

Such a definition of "portmanteau word" overlaps with the grammatical term contraction, and linguists avoid using the former term in such cases. As an example: the words do + not become the contraction don't, a single word that represents the meaning of the combined words.

A humorous synonym for "portmanteau word" is "frankenword", itself a portmanteau word, blending "Frankenstein" and "word".[8]

Origin

The usage of the word 'portmanteau' in this sense first appeared in Lewis Carroll's book Through the Looking-Glass (1871),[1] in which Humpty Dumpty explains to Alice the coinage of the unusual words in Jabberwocky:[9]

Carroll uses the word again when discussing lexical selection:

Humpty Dumpty's theory, of two meanings packed into one word like a portmanteau, seems to me the right explanation for all. For instance, take the two words "fuming" and "furious." Make up your mind that you will say both words ... you will say "frumious."[9].

Carroll suggests here a double metaphor: the original meaning of the word 'portmanteau' is a form of suitcase containing two separated hinged compartments; thus: two distinct words, packed as one. The word 'portmanteau' is itself a 'portmanteau word', deriving from the two French words porter (to carry) and manteau (cloak or mantle).

Examples

Many protologisms are examples of blends, but many blends have become part of the lexicon.[9] In Punch in 1896, the word brunch (breakfast + lunch) was introduced as a "portmanteau word".[10] In 1964, the newly independent African republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar chose the portmanteau word Tanzania as its name.

"Wikipedia" is itself an example of a portmanteau word because it combines the word "wiki" and "encyclopedia." Sysop is an example as well, combining system and operator.

Portmanteau words may be produced by conjoining proper names with common nouns, such as "Gerrymandering," which refers to the scheme of Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry for politically contrived redistricting: the districts created had the semblance of a salamander in outline. Two proper names can also be used in creating a portmanteau word in reference to the partnership between people, especially in a case where both persons are well known. Or sometimes to produce epithets such "Billary" (referring to former United States president Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton). Here, the purpose for blending is not so much to combine the meanings of the source words but "to suggest a resemblance of one named person to the other" and the effect is often derogatory, as linguist Benjamin Zimmer notes.[11].

Portmanteaus can also be created by attaching a prefix or suffix from one word to give that association to other words. Subsequent to the Watergate Scandal, it became popular to attach the suffix "-gate" to other words to describe contemporary scandals, e.g. "Filegate" for the White House FBI files controversy. Likewise, the suffix "-holism" or "-holic", taken from the word "Alcoholism" or "alcoholic", can be added to a noun, creating a word that describes an addiction to that noun. Chocoholic, for example, means a person who is addicted to chocolate.

Portmanteau words can be used to describe bilingual speakers who use words from both languages while speaking. For instance a person would be considered speaking "Spanglish" if they are using both Spanish and English words at the same time.

Portmanteau morph

In linguistics, the term blend is used to refer to general combination of words, and the term “portmanteau” is reserved for the narrow sense of combining two function words. Examples of such combination include French “à le” → au, and “de le” → du. This usage has been referred to as 'portmanteau morph'.[12]

See also

Look up portmanteau word in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Look up Category:Portmanteaus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

  1. ^ a b c Oxford English Dictionary, Portmanteau definition 4b, giving Carroll as first user, second usage appearing in 1882 in the Cornhill Magazine
  2. ^ "portmanteau". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved on 2008-06-21.
  3. ^ "portmanteau word". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition (2000). Retrieved on 2008-06-21.
  4. ^ "What is a portmanteau morph?". LinguaLinks Library (2003).
  5. ^ Thomas, David (1983), An invitation to grammar, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Bangkok: Mahidol University, p. 9 
  6. ^ Crystal, David (1985), A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics (2nd ed.), New York: Basil Blackwell, pp. 237 
  7. ^ Hartmann, R.R.K. & Stork, F.C. (1972), Dictionary of language and linguistics, London: Applied Science, pp. 180 
  8. ^ Victor Frankenstein being the creator of the monster in Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus, the monster being constructed from parts from several bodies.
  9. ^ a b c Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., and Hyams, N. (2007) An Introduction to Language, Eighth Edition. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 1-4130-1773-8
  10. ^ Punch, 1 August 1896, 58/2
  11. ^ http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002610.html Language Log: A Perilous Portmanteau?
  12. ^ "What is a portmanteau morph?". LinguaLinks Library (2003).