Help:Pronunciation

 

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The pronunciation of English words in Wikipedia is most often given in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The goal is that interpretation should not depend on the reader's dialect, and therefore a broad transcription is generally used.

For a more complete key to the IPA, which covers sounds that do not occur in English, see Help:IPA.

Since this key accommodates standard American, British, and Australian pronunciations, not all of the distinctions shown here will be relevant to your dialect. If, for example, you pronounce cot and caught the same, you can ignore the difference between the symbols /ɒ/ and /ɔː/. In many dialects /r/ occurs only before a vowel; if you speak such a dialect, simply ignore /r/ in the pronunciation guides where you would not pronounce it.

On the other hand, this key does not encode the difference between the vowels of bad and lad in Australian English, nor between those in fir, fur, and fern in Scottish English, as those distinctions are seldom made in Wikipedia articles.

For a more precise use of the IPA to illustrate differences between English dialects, to transcribe languages other than English, or if the IPA symbols are not displayed on your browser, see the links at the bottom of this page.

Key

Consonants
IPA Examples
b but, web
d do, odd
ð this, breathe, father
dʒ gin, joy, edge
f fool, enough, leaf
ɡ go, get, beg
h ham, ahead
j yes, hallelujah
k cat, kill, skin, queen, thick
l left, bell
m man, ham
n no, tin
ŋ ringer, sing, sink
ŋɡ finger
p pen, spin, tip
r run, very[1]
s see, city, pass
ʃ she, sure, emotion, leash
t two, sting, bet
tʃ chair, nature, teach
v voice, have
w we
ʍ what[2]
z zoo, rose
ʒ pleasure, vision, beige[3]
θ thing, teeth
Marginal consonants
x ugh, loch, Chanukah[4]
ʔ uh-oh /ˈʌʔoʊ/,
Hawai‘i /həˈwaɪʔiː/[5]
Syllabification and stress
IPA Examples
Syllabification
. moai /ˈmoʊ.аɪ/[6]
Stress
ˈ intonation /ˌɪntəˈneɪʃən/[7]
ˌ
Vowels
IPA Examples
Monophthongs
ɪ bid, pit[8]
iː bead, peat[8]
i happy, city[8]
ɛ bed, pet
æ bad, pat
ɑː balm, father, pa
ɒ bod, pot, cot
ɔː bawd, paw, caught
ʊ good, foot, put
uː booed, food
ʌ bud, butt
Diphthongs
eɪ bay, hey, fate
аɪ buy, high, ride, write
aʊ bough, how, pout
ɔɪ boy, hoy
oʊ beau, hoe, poke[9]
juː beauty, hue, pew, dew[10]
R-colored vowels[11]
ɪr mirror
ɪər beer, mere
ɛr berry, merry
ɛər bear, mare, Mary
ær barrow, marry
ɑr bar, mar
ɒr moral, forage
ɔr born, for
ɔər boar, four, more
ʌr hurry, Murray
ʊər boor, moor
ɜr bird, myrrh, furry
(alternatively /ɝː/ [12])
Reduced vowels
ɨ roses, business [13]
ə Rosa’s, above
ər runner, mercer
(alternatively /ɚ/ [12])
əl bottle
ən button
əm rhythm

Notes

  1. ^ Although the IPA symbol [r] represents a trill, /r/ is widely used instead of /ɹ/ in broad transcriptions of English.
  2. ^ /ʍ/ is found in some dialects, such as Scottish and Southern American English; elsewhere people use /w/.
  3. ^ A number of English words, such as genre and garage, are pronounced with either /ʒ/ or /dʒ/.
  4. ^ In most dialects, /x/ is replaced by /k/ in loch and by /h/ in Chanukah.
  5. ^ Most people pronounce the English word Hawaii without the /ʔ/ (glottal stop) that occurs in the Hawaiian word Hawai‘i.
  6. ^ Syllables are indicated sparingly, where necessary to avoid confusion.
  7. ^ It is arguable that English does not distinguish primary from secondary stress, but it is conventional to notate them as here. Likewise, it is debatable whether a word like Glennallen is [glɛˈnælən] or [glɛnˈælən]; for clarity, the former is used.
  8. ^ a b c American convention is to write /i/ when unstressed and preceding a vowel or word boundary, as in wiki /ˈwɪki/ and serious /ˈsɪriəs/; British convention used to be /ˈwɪkɪ/ and /ˈsɪərɪəs/, but the OED and other influential dictionaries recently converted to /i/.
  9. ^ Commonly transcribed /əʊ/ or /oː/.
  10. ^ In many dialects, /juː/ is pronounced the same as /uː/ after "tongue sounds" (/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /θ/, and /l/), so that dew /djuː/ is pronounced the same as do /duː/.
  11. ^ In many dialects, /r/ occurs only before vowels. Note that due to American influence, the schwas have been left out in many Wikipedia articles. That is, /ɪər/ etc. are not always distinguished from /ɪr/ etc. When they are, the long vowels may be transcribed /iːr/ etc. by analogy with vowels not followed by /r/.
  12. ^ a b In some articles these are transcribed /ɝː/ and /ɚ/ when not followed by a vowel.
  13. ^ Few British dictionaries distinguish this from /ɪ/, though the OED now uses the pseudo-IPA symbol ɪ̵.

See also