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A crown-cardinal (Italian: cardinale delle corone)[1] was a cardinal protector of Catholic nation, nominated or funded by a Catholic monarch to serve as their representative within the College of Cardinals[2][3] and, if applicable, exercise the jus exclusivae.[4] More generally, the term may refer to any cardinal significant as a secular statesman or elevated at the request of a monarch.
Francis Burkle-Young defines a crown cardinal as one "elevated to the cardinalate solely on the recommendation of the European kings and without, in many cases, having performed any service at all for the advance of the Church."[5]
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The institution of a cardinal protector of a nation-state may have originated in the 14th century, serving as a predecessor for the diplomatic institutions of the Holy See developed in the 16th century.[6] The institution of the crown-cardinal first became a dominant one within the College of Cardinals with the consistory of Pope Eugene IV on December 18, 1439 (on the heels of the election of Antipope Felix V by the Council of Basel) which nominated an unprecedented number of cardinals with strong ties to European monarchs and other political institutions.[7]
| Monarch/Nation | Cardinal | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Charles VII of France | Renaud de Chartres | Chancellor of France |
| Charles VII of France | Guillaume d'Estouteville | Royal cousin, constructor of Mont Saint Michel |
| Henry VI of England | Louis de Luxembourg de Beaurevoir | Chancellor for France |
| Henry VI of England | John Kempe | former chancellor of England and archbishop of York |
| Afonso V of Portugal | António Martins de Chaves | Bishop of Porto |
| Kingdom of Hungary (interregnum) | Dionysius Szechy | Primate-designate of Hungary |
| Władysław III of Poland | Zbigniew Olesnicki | Archbishop of Krakow |
| Holy Roman Empire (interregnum) | Petrus de Schaumburg | Imperial Counsellor |
| René I of Naples | Niccolo d'Acciapaccio | Archbishop of Capua |
| Milan | Gerardo Landriani Capitani | Bishop of Como |
| Genoa | Giorgio Fieschi di Lavagna | Archbishop of Genoa |
| Philip the Good | Jean Le Jeune | Ambassador to the Council of Ferrara-Florence |
The first explicit reference to protectorship pertaining to a nation-state dates to 1425 (the Catholic Encyclopedia says 1424[8]) when Pope Martin V forbade cardinals to "assume the protection of any king, prince or commune ruled by a tyrant or any other secular person whatsoever."[9] This prohibition was renewed in 1492 by Pope Alexander VI. This prohibition was not renewed by Pope Leo X in the ninth session of the Lateran Council of 1512.[8]
Some crown-cardinals were cardinal-nephews or members of powerful families; others were selected solely on the recommendation of European monarchs, in many cases with little previous ecclesiastical experience.[10] During the reigns of Avignon Pope Clement VI and Pope Urban VI in particular, it was acknowledged that monarchs could select retainers and expect them to be elevated to the College of Cardinals.[10] The going rate for the creation of a crown-cardinal was about 2,832 scudi.[2]
Pope Alexander VII had to elevate crown-cardinals in pectore.[11] Pope Urban VI (1378–1389) forbade crown-cardinals from receiving gifts from their respective sovereigns.[8]
As of 1913, the only state with a crown-cardinal was the Kingdom of Portugal.[8] World War I cemented the decline of the institution of the crown cardinal, as many monarchies either went extinct or declined in power.[10]
In the case of Spain, France, and Austria, from the 16th to 20th centuries, crown-cardinals had the prerogative to exercise the jus exclusivae (a veto for "unacceptable" candidates) during a Papal conclave on behalf of their patron monarch. Crown-cardinals usually arrived with a list of such unacceptable candidates but often had to confer with their patrons during conclaves via messengers, and attempt (sometimes unsuccessfully) to delay the conclave until a response arrived. For example, Pope Innocent X (elected 1644) and Pope Innocent XIII (elected 1721) survived late arriving veto orders from France and Spain respectively.[1] Austrian crown-cardinal Karl Kajetan Cardinal Gaisruck arrived too late to the Papal conclave of 1846 to exercise the veto against Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti (who had already been elected and taken the name Pius IX).
Unlike other national cardinal protectors, the cardinal protectors of England, Scotland, and Ireland were generally chosen exclusively by the pope and often had no prior relationship to the British Isles.[12]
The King of France historically had only one cardinal protector at a time,[12] chosen by a complicated process which involved the King, the secretary of state for foreign affairs, the French ambassador to Rome, and other French power brokers, but not the pope.[22] The crown-cardinal of France was also abbot commendatario of several French abbeys.[23]
The protector of the Holy Roman Empire was often the protector of the Austrian hereditary lands.[12]
The King of Spain could have as many as five or six cardinal protectors (Spanish: Protector de Espana) simultaneously, although traditionally the protector of Castile was the most frequently turned to.[12]
"Cardinal " in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia. "Right of Exclusion " in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia. "Cardinal Protector " in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia. "The English College, in Rome " in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
