Chinese mainland

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Mainland China

Traditional Chinese: 中國大陸

Simplified Chinese: 中国大陆

Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōnggúo Dàlù

Cantonese Jyutping: jung1 gwok3 daai6 luk6

Transliterations

Mandarin

- Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōnggúo Dàlù

Yue (Cantonese)

- Jyutping: jung1 gwok3 daai6 luk6

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Mainland China, Continental China, or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term usually synonymous with the area that is culturally and legally associated with the territory of the People's Republic of China (PRC) currently under the direct political control of Beijing. This means that the term usually does not include the two Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of Hong Kong and Macau. The term also never includes Taiwan, which is claimed by the PRC, but has never in practise been governed by it. The term in the Chinese language may or may not include Hainan Island, which is geographically separate.

In English speech and writing, the distinction is not always made, and a reference to "China" is an implicit reference to the PRC, but this usage may or may not include Hong Kong and Macao.

In common usage the term "Taiwan" includes the islands of Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu.

1 Background
2 View of the term by groups
3 Others
4 References
5 See also

Background

The highlighted area in the map is what is commonly known as "mainland China".

There has been a struggle between the two Chinese entities since the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, when the Communist Party of China defeated the Republic of China, which was led by the Kuomintang (KMT, Chinese Nationalist Party). This led to the establishment of the PRC, which has since been based on "Mainland China".^[1] It excludes the area controlled by the retreating Kuomintang, as well as the then colonies of Hong Kong and Macau.^[2] Since the return of Hong Kong and Macau to Chinese sovereignty in 1997 and 1999 respectively, "Mainland China" generally continues to exclude these territories, because of the "One country, two systems" policy adopted by the PRC central government towards the SARs.^[3] The term is also used in economic indicators, such as the IMD Competitiveness Report.

View of the term by groups

In Taiwan, the term "Mainlander" can also refer to waishengren (Chinese: 外省人; pinyin: wàishěngrén), or the people who emigrated to Taiwan from Mainland China with the Kuomintang (KMT) near and after the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949; and their children, who were born in Taiwan. The status of waishengren in Taiwan is a divisive political issue. For many years mainlanders were given special treatment by the KMT government which had imposed martial law on Taiwan. More recently, pro-Taiwan independence politicians calling into question their loyalty and devotion to Taiwan and pro-Chinese reunification politicians accusing the pro-independence politicians of playing identity politics.^[4] The term "Mainland" can also refer to dalu (simplified Chinese: 大陆; traditional Chinese: 大陸; pinyin: dàlù), meaning a people who live on the mainland. An example is the Mainland Affairs Council of ROC.^[5]

Supporters of Taiwanese independence also frequently disfavour the use of the term as it implied a geographical extension or relation to China. In mainland China itself, the term (simplified Chinese: 内地; traditional Chinese: 內地; pinyin: nèidì), literally the inland. The term has gained popularity in use in place of the term "mainland", particularly after the return of the SARs.^{citation needed}

In Hong Kong and Macau, the term "mainland China" and "mainlander" is frequently used for people from China mainland. For political correctness, the term (內地) has become the most common in the region. Official government groups such as "Constitutional and Mainland Affairs" (政制及內地事務局) is an examples that use the inland term.^[6]

In the PRC, the inland term (內地) is often separated by the external term (國外) or (外國) for things outside of the mainland region. Examples include "Administration of Foreign-funded Banks" (中華人民共和國外資銀行管理條例) or the "Measures on Administration of Representative Offices of Foreign Insurance Institutions" (外國保險機構駐華代表機構管理辦法).^[3]

Hainan, although politically part of the PRC and is governed under PRC law, is separate from the Chinese mainland by geography. Therefore the Hainanese may find it awkward, although not politically incorrect, to describe themselves as from "the Mainland" or "inland". As a result, if a person from Hong Kong or overseas asks if a Hainanese person is from "the mainland", it is usually the colloquial choice to simply respond with "I'm from Hainan", as it would seem awkward and geographically inaccurate to self-describe as being from either the mainland or "inland". This distinction is usually only made in the oral sense. For example, a Hainanese typically refers to a person from the mainland as a "mainlander" or "inland" in the same way a person from Hong Kong would. ^[7]

Others

Other use of geography-related terms are also often used where neutrality is required.

Simplified Chinese	Traditional Chinese	Pinyin	Jyutping	Description
两岸关系	兩岸關係	liǎng'àn guānxì	loeng5 ngon6 gwaan1 hai6	Reference to the Taiwan Strait (Cross-Strait relations, literally "relations between the two sides/shores of the Strait of Taiwan)
海峡两岸	海峽兩岸	Hǎixiá liǎng'àn	hoi2 haap6 loeng5 ngon6	The physical shores on both sides of the straits, "two shores" may be used.
两岸三地	兩岸三地	liǎng'àn sāndì	loeng5 ngon6 saam1 dei6	An extension of this is the term "two shores, three places"
两岸四地	兩岸四地	liǎng'àn sìdì	loeng5 ngon6 sei3 dei6	When referring to either Hong Kong or Macau, or "two shores, four places" when referring to both Hong Kong and Macau

References

^ Jeshurun, Chandran. [1993] (1993). China, India, Japan and the Security of Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9813016612. pg 146.
^ So, Alvin Y. Lin, Nan. Poston, Dudley L. Contributor Professor, So, Alvin Y. [2001] (2001). The Chinese Triangle of Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 0313308691.
^ ^a ^b LegCo. "Legislative council HK." Mainland Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcement) Bill. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
^ Apdrc.org. "Apdrc.org." Taiwan's Identity Politics. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
^ Mac.gov.tw. "Mac.gov.tw." Taiwan's Mainland Affairs Council. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
^ Cmab.gov.hk. "Cmab.gov.hk." Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
^ Baidu Zhidao: The Hainan Issue

http://www.imd.ch/research/publications/wcy/World-Competitiveness-Yearbook-2008-Results.cfm http://www.imd.ch/research/publications/wcy/upload/scoreboard.pdf

v • d • e Territorial disputes in East, South, and Southeast Asia
Type	Territory	Currently Administered by	Claimants
Land:	Aksai Chin		²
	Arunachal Pradesh		²
	Baekdu Mountain		² ²
	East Turkestan		¹ ²
	Heixiazi/Bolshoy Ussuriysky (Eastern part)²
	Indo-Bangladesh enclaves³
	Kashmir³		²
	Kachin State		¹ ²
	Kayin State		¹
	Korean Peninsula and its adjacent islands³
	Mainland China²
	Mongolia²
	Pamir Mountains (Northern and central parts)²
	Wakhan Corridor²
	Pattani		¹
	Sabah²
	Shan State		¹
	Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River²
	Tannu Uriankhai (now Tuva Republic of Russia)²
	Tibet		¹ ²
	Trans-Karakoram Tract		²
	Wa State		¹
Islands and Waters:	Kinmen
	Liancourt Rocks		²
	Macclesfield Bank
	Matsu
	Paracel Islands
	Pedra Branca, Middle Rocks and South Ledge
	Pratas Islands
	Scarborough Shoal
	Senkaku Islands
	Sir Creek³
	Socotra Rock		² ²
	Southern Kuril Islands
	Spratly Islands³
	Taiwan and Pescadores²
Notes:	¹Government in exile/exiled group. ²Inactive dispute. ³Divided among multiple claimants.

Chinese mainland

Contents

Background

View of the term by groups

Others

References

See also