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The Bible Belt is an informal term for an area of the United States of America in which socially conservative Evangelical Protestantism is a dominant part of the culture.citation needed In the United States, it is an idiom[1] for the region where the Southern Baptist Convention denomination is strongest (though many other denominations, such as the Church of Christ and Assemblies of God, can be found there as well)—usually meaning the South and nearby areas.
Much of the Bible Belt consists of the Southern United States. During the colonial period (1607-1776), the South was a stronghold of the Anglican church. Its transition into a conservative Protestant Bible Belt occurred gradually over the next century, as a series of religious revival movements, many associated with the Baptist denomination, gained great popularity in the region.
The region is usually contrasted with mainstream Protestants and Catholics of the northeast, the religiously diverse Midwest and Great Lakes, the Mormon Corridor in Utah and southern Idaho, and the relatively secular western United States. The percentage of non-religious people is the highest in the northwestern state of Washington at 25%, compared to the Bible Belt state of Alabama, where it is 6%.[2]
The earliest known usage of the term "Bible Belt" was by American journalist and social commentator H.L. Mencken, who wrote:
The old game, I suspect, is beginning to play out in the Bible Belt.
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Although exact boundaries do not exist, it is generally considered to cover much of the area stretching from Texas in the southwest, north to most of Missouri, northeast to Virginia, and southeast to northern Florida.
Tweedie (1978) defines the Bible Belt in terms of the audience for religious television. He finds two belts, one more eastern that stretches from central Florida through Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, North and South Carolina, and into Virginia, and another that is more western, moving from central Texas to the Dakotas, but concentrated in Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Missouri, and Mississippi. Notably absent from this belt, however, is the area of Saint Louis, Missouri (which is heavily secularcitation needed), South Texas, New Orleans, Louisiana, and the Cajun Country Region in Louisiana, where Catholicism is predominant.[4]
In terms of demographics, the belt may in fact be most accurately described as extending westward to include most of West Texas and Eastern New Mexico, and perhaps even farther into areas of southern New Mexico settled by Texans.
Several locations are occasionally referred to as the "Buckle of the Bible Belt":
There are also several locations outside the Bible Belt that are centers of evangelical Christian activity, many of them are often called "Exclaves of the Bible Belt". They include Prescott, Arizona; Colorado Springs, Colorado; Grand Rapids, Michigan; Wheaton, Illinois; Lancaster, Pennsylvania; and parts of Southern California, particularly Orange County.
The term Bible Belt is used informally by journalists and by its detractors, who suggest that the region allows religion to influence politics, science, and education.
In 1950, President Harry Truman told Catholic leaders he wanted to send an ambassador to the Vatican. Truman said the leading Democrats in Congress approved, but they warned him, "it would defeat Democratic Senators and Congressmen in the Bible Belt." [quoted in Amanda Smith, Hostage of Fortune (2001) p. 604].
In presidential elections, the Bible Belt states of Alabama, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas and Virginia have voted for the Republican candidate in all elections since 1980.[6] Prior to the 1960s the majority of these states generally voted for the Democratic candidate after the formation of the modern Democratic party. [7]
Michael Dean writes in his book $30 Writing School, "My dad said, If you want the same weather and want to live in America, look at your map and draw a line from Los Angeles to Atlanta. Then live within 100 miles either way of that line. I did this exercise, but noticed that anywhere on that line outside of Los Angeles would pretty much put me in the Bible Belt."
In Australia, the term usually refers to tracts within individual cities, for example the north-western suburbs of Sydney focusing on Baulkham Hills and the north-eastern suburbs of Adelaide focusing on Paradise, Modbury and Golden Grove, though there is also a section of south-eastern Queensland comprising the towns of Laidley, Gatton and Toowoomba which is referred to as the Bible Belt.[8]
In Canada, the term is also sometimes used to describe several disparate regions which have a higher than average level of church attendance. These include the majority of rural southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, parts of southern Manitoba, the Fraser Valley of British Columbia, the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia and the Saint John River Valley of New Brunswick.[9]
In China, Nanjing City is regarded as the area with the country's highest number of Christians since 1949. Amity Publishing House, a Christian publisher is based in this city.[10]
In Denmark, the area of northwestern Jutland is often mentioned as a Bible Belt. The region has a large number of members of the Lutheran movement called "Indre Mission".
In Finland, the rural areas of Ostrobothnia and Southern Ostrobothnia are sometimes considered a Bible Belt.[11]
In France, Brittany, Alsace, and Burgundy are relative strongholds of the Roman Catholic faith, while the Cévennes region contains a substantial population of Protestants. The Lutheran et Reformed church are also strong in Alsace, one third of the Alsatian population is Protestant.citation needed
In India, the north eastern states of Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya and the hill districts of Manipur form a continuous Bible Belt. Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya are India's only Christian dominated states. In fact in Nagaland, Christians constitute 90.02% (2001 census) of the population, with 80% professing the Baptist faith and thereby earning the sobriquet of The most Baptist state in the world. The Bible belt has emerged as one of the major areas of the world that sends out missionaries, particularly to South Asia and South East Asia.[12]
The Netherlands has a Bible Belt (Bijbelgordel) as well, stretching from Zeeland to Overijssel. Immigrants from this area to the U.S. formed the Christian Reformed Church in North America. See Bible Belt (Netherlands)
In New Zealand, Mount Roskill, Auckland, contains the highest number of churches per capita in the country, and is the home of several Christian political candidates.[13]
In Northern Ireland, the region centered on the northern part of County Antrim is often referred to as Northern Ireland's Bible Belt. This is because the area is heavily Protestant with a large evangelical community. The MP for this constituency is Ian Paisley, a Free Presbyterian Reverend well known for his theological fundamentalism. The town of Ballymena, is the largest town in the constituency, is often referred to as the "buckle" of the Bible Belt.[14]
In Norway, the Bible Belt covers the south-western coast from Agder to Møre og Romsdal. In these areas the concervative branch of the Church of Norway has a stronghold and the members usually assosiate themselves to Indremisjonen (Inner Mission). There are also numerous Pentecostals and members of the Free Churches, but these movements are also strongly represented in the rest of the country. The Bible Belt in Norway often reflects the support for the Christian Democratic Party (Norway).
In Sweden, there is a Bible Belt covering the area around the city of Jönköping and Gothenburg, with a particular high concentration of non-conformists (Protestant congregations not affiliated with the Church of Sweden), especially Pentecostals and Congregationalists - and strong support for the Christian Democrats.[15]
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